Comportamento alimentar de adultos no início da pandemia da COVID-19 / Adult eating behavior at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic

Introdução: Dificuldades de acesso aos alimentos e o distanciamento social desencadearam mais ansiedade, estresse e consumo de alimentos de baixo custo e ultraprocessados. Objetivo: Investigar as mudanças no comportamento alimentar e a relação deste com os aspectos socioeconômicos. Método: Estudo realizado virtualmente entre maio e junho de 2020 com 949 adultos, com questionários de dados socioeconômicos, mudanças no comportamento alimentar, frequência do consumo alimentar e o TFEQ-21. A análise foi realizada de forma descritiva e o TFEQ-21 de acordo com os escores de cada fator. A relação entre as variáveis foi analisada pelo teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: 63% consideraram cozinhar mais alimentos, 41% e 38% referiram maior possibilidade comer com companhia e com tranquilidade, respectivamente. Além disso, 38,6% reduziram compra de fast-food, mas 43,2% aumentaram o consumo alimentar e 41,8% o consumo de doces. Em mulheres, quanto maior o IMC, maior alimentação emocional e restrição cognitiva (p<0,001). Nestas, o comer emocional era maior se não possuíam filhos nem ensino superior (p<0,001), e a restrição era maior com a atividade física, não possuir relacionamento estável, ter filhos (p<0,001), emprego e ensino superior (p<0,05). Nos homens, o comer emocional se relacionou ao maior IMC (p<0,05) e ambas variáveis estavam relacionados à atividade física (p<0,001). Conclusão: Mudanças como cozinhar mais, reduzir fast-food, comer com tranquilidade e com companhia foram observadas comparados a antes da pandemia. Nota-se que nas mulheres há maior relação da restrição e do comer emocional com diversos aspectos do contexto social e econômico (AU).

Introduction: Difficulties in accessing food and social distancing triggered more anxiety, stress and consumption of low-cost and ultra-processed foods. Objective: To investigate changes in eating behavior and its relationship with socioeconomic aspects. Method: Study conducted virtually between May and June 2020 with 949 adults, with questionnaires on socioeconomic data, changes in eating behavior, frequency of food consumption and the TFEQ-21. The analysis was performed descriptively and the TFEQ-21 according to the scores of each factor. The relationship between the variableswas analyzed using Pearson's correlation test. Results: 63% considered cooking more food, 41% and 38% said they were more likely to eat with company and in peace, respectively. 38.6% reduced fast-food purchases, but 43.2% increased food consumption and 41.8% consumption of sweets. In women, the higher the BMI, the greater the emotional eating and cognitive restriction (p<0.001). In these, emotional eating was greater if they did not have children or higher education (p<0.001), and the restriction was greater with physical activity, not having a stable relationship, having children (p<0.001), employment and higher education (p<0.05). In men, emotional eating was related to higher BMI (p<0.05) and both variables were related to physical activity (p<0.001). Conclusion: Changes such as cooking more, reducing fast food, eating calmly and with company were observed compared to before the pandemic. It is noted that in women there is a greater relationship between restriction and emotional eating with various aspects of the social and economic context (AU).

Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. METHOD: After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. RESULTS: Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. CONCLUSION: This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

Family influence on the nutritional status and eating habits of six to nine year-old children / Influência familiar no estado nutricional e hábito alimentar de crianças de seis a nove anos

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate whether caregivers' attitudes, beliefs, practices, alimentary habits, and nutritional status influence the alimentary habits and nutritional status of children aged six to nine years. Methods This cross-sectional study included 164 children and a family member (caregiver) each (n=164), carried out in the family health units of the municipality of Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Weight and height measurements were performed; each child was then evaluated by the application of both the Child Feeding Questionnaire and 24h recall (for calculating the Healthy Eating Index Revised), in addition to the assessment of adherence to healthy eating steps of the Ministry of Health, through a questionnaire. Results The results showed that the prevalence of being overweight was 18.3% in children and 32.9% in caregivers, and the prevalence of obesity was 15.9% and 37.9%, respectively. Most of the 56 children categorized as overweight also had overweight caregivers (82.1%; n=46). Concerns regarding children's weight control were higher among caregivers responsible for overweight children (3.6±1.29). In contrast, caregivers responsible for children below or at normal weight demonstrated a greater tendency toward getting children to eat (3.3±0.97 and 3.9±0.99, respectively). The average score; of the children's Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (50.0±13.6) was similar to that of their caregivers (56.5±12.1). Conclusions Caregivers have a direct influence on the nutritional status and eating habits of children; therefore, they should be targeted in the processes of nutritional intervention for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo se propôs a investigar se atitudes, crenças, práticas, hábitos alimentares e estado nutricional dos responsáveis influenciam os hábitos alimentares e o estado nutricional de crianças de 6 a 9 anos. Methods Estudo transversal com 164 crianças e um respectivo responsável por sua alimentação (n=164), desenvolvido em Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Realizaram-se aferição de peso e estatura, aplicação do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança e Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas (para cálculo do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado), além de verificação da adesão aos Passos da Alimentação Saudável do Ministério da Saúde, por meio de um questionário. Results Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as prevalências de sobrepeso foram de 18,3% nas crianças e de 32,9% nos responsáveis, e as prevalências de obesidade foram de 15,9% e 37,9%, respectivamente. Os responsáveis da maioria das 56 crianças que apresentaram excesso de peso também tinham excesso de peso (82,1%; n=46). A preocupação com o peso da criança foi maior entre os responsáveis das crianças acima do peso (3,6±1,29). Por outro lado, uma maior pressão para comer foi identificada entre os responsáveis com crianças com baixo peso ou peso normal (3,3±0,97 e 3,9±0,99, respectivamente). O escore médio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado das crianças (50,0±13,6) foi muito similar ao dos responsáveis (56,5±12,1). Conclusions Os responsáveis exercem influência direta no estado nutricional e hábitos alimentares das crianças, devendo ser alvos nos processos de intervenção nutricional para a prevenção e o tratamento da obesidade infantil.

Assessment of thyroid function, ioduria and oxidative stress in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are important for the physiological functions of the mother and appropriate maturation of the central nervous system of the fetus. OBJECTIVE: the objective of the present study was to determine the levels of urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function, antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women. METHODS: the study was conducted on 191 pregnant women and 62 non-pregnant women who were evaluated regarding nutritional status. Analyses of urinary iodine, of oxidative stress markers and thyroid function were performed, revealing iodine insufficiency in 81 pregnant women. RESULTS: there was no change in the thyroid stimulating hormone concentration in 89% of the pregnant women. Antithyroperoxidase antibody values were higher in the control group compared to the pregnant women's group (64.5% and 12.6%, respectively) and antithyroglobulin antibody values were also higher in the control group (11.6%). Assessment of oxidative stress revealed higher levels of advanced oxidation protein products, of total antioxidant capacity and of superoxide dismutase antioxidants in pregnant women. Classification of ioduria with respect to oxidative stress markers revealed lower α-tocopherol levels for the pregnant women with iodine insufficiency. CONCLUSION: on this basis, the results suggest that iodine insufficiency did not induce changes in thyroid stimulating hormone levels or antibodies and those pregnant women with adequate urinary iodine excretion had a better profile of the α-tocopherol antioxidant, indicating that iodine may play a significant role in antioxidant capacity during gestation.

Assessment of thyroid function, ioduria and oxidative stress in women in the first trimester of pregnancy / Evaluación de la función tiroidea, yoduria y estrés oxidativo en mujeres en el primer trimestre de embarazo

Introduction: adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are important for the physiological functions of the mother and appropriate maturation of the central nervous system of the fetus. Objective: the objective of the present study was to determine the levels of urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function, antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women. Methods: the study was conducted on 191 pregnant women and 62 non-pregnant women who were evaluated regarding nutritional status. Analyses of urinary iodine, of oxidative stress markers and thyroid function were performed, revealing iodine insufficiency in 81 pregnant women. Results: there was no change in the thyroid stimulating hormone concentration in 89% of the pregnant women. Antithyroperoxidase antibody values were higher in the control group compared to the pregnant women's group (64.5% and 12.6%, respectively) and antithyroglobulin antibody values were also higher in the control group (11.6%). Assessment of oxidative stress revealed higher levels of advanced oxidation protein products, of total antioxidant capacity and of superoxide dismutase antioxidants in pregnant women. Classification of ioduria with respect to oxidative stress markers revealed lower α-tocopherol levels for the pregnant women with iodine insufficiency. Conclusion: on this basis, the results suggest that iodine insufficiency did not induce changes in thyroid stimulating hormone levels or antibodies and those pregnant women with adequate urinary iodine excretion had a better profile of the α-tocopherol antioxidant, indicating that iodine may play a significant role in antioxidant capacity during gestation

Introducción: la ingesta adecuada de yodo durante el embarazo es esencial para la síntesis de las hormonas tiroideas, que son importantes para las funciones fisiológicas de la madre y la maduración apropiada del sistema nervioso central del feto. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los niveles de excreción de yodo urinario y función tiroidea, antioxidantes y marcadores de estrés oxidativo en mujeres embarazadas. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en 191 mujeres embarazadas y 62 mujeres no embarazadas que fueron evaluadas con respecto al estado nutricional. Se realizaron análisis de yodo urinario, marcadores de estrés oxidativo y función tiroidea, que revelaron insuficiencia de yodo en 81 embarazadas. Resultados: no hubo cambios en la concentración de hormona estimulante tiroidea en el 89% de las mujeres embarazadas. Los valores de anticuerpos antitiroperoxidasa fueron mayores en el grupo control en comparación con el grupo de mujeres embarazadas (64,5% y 12,6%, respectivamente) y los de anticuerpos antitiroglobulina fueron también mayores en el grupo control (11,6%). La evaluación del estrés oxidativo reveló niveles más altos de productos avanzados de proteína de oxidación, de capacidad antioxidante total y de antioxidantes de superóxido dismutasa en mujeres embarazadas. La clasificación de la yoduria con respecto a marcadores de estrés oxidativo reveló menores niveles de α-tocoferol para las mujeres embarazadas con insuficiencia de yodo. Conclusión: sobre esta base, los resultados sugieren que la insuficiencia de yodo no indujo cambios en los niveles de hormona estimulante de la tiroides o anticuerpos y las mujeres embarazadas con excreción urinaria adecuada de yodo tuvieron un mejor perfil del antioxidante α-tocoferol, lo que indica que el yodo puede desempeñar un papel significativo en la capacidad antioxidante durante la gestación

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Brazilian Version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire / Tradução e Adaptação Transcultural da Versão Brasileira do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança / Traducción y Adaptación Cultural de la Versión Brasileña del Cuestionario de la Alimentación del Niño

Abstract: The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) assesses parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. This research aimed to translate and to test the reliability of the CFQ and to evaluate this instrument in Brazilian families. The participants were 300 mothers and 300 children, aging from 2 to 11 years old, of both sexes. The translation, synthesis, back-translation, evaluation by an expert committee and pre-test were performed. Besides the application of questionnaire to mothers, data regarding anthropometric measurements in mothers and children was collected. The indexes of content validity index, test-retest reliability and internal consistencies were good. The parental factors Perceived parent weight, Perceived child weight, Concern about child weight, Restriction, Pressure to eat and Monitoring on child feeding were associated with overweight in childhood. In conclusion, these results highlight the validity and utility of the Brazilian version of the CFQ.

Resumo: O Questionário de Alimentação da Criança (QAC) avalia as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais em relação a alimentação e a propensão à obesidade dos filhos. Este estudo objetivou traduzir e testar a fidedignidade do QAC e avaliar este instrumento em famílias brasileiras. Os participantes foram 300 mães e 300 crianças, de 2 a 11 anos, de ambos os sexos. Realizou-se a tradução, síntese, retro-tradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste.Para além da aplicação do questionário às mães, foram também recolhidos dados realtivos à avaliação antropométrica das mães e filhos. Os índices de validade de conteúdo, confiabilidade teste-reteste e consistência interna foram adequados. Os fatores Percepção do peso dos pais, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição, Pressão para comer e Monitoramento mostraram-se associados com a obesidade infantil. Em conclusão, esses resultados destacam a validade e a utilidade da versão brasileira do CFQ.

Resumen: El Cuestionario de Alimentación Infantil (acrónimo en inglés CFQ) evalúa las creencias, actitudes y prácticas de los padres con relación al poder y la propensión a la obesidad de los niños. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir y poner a prueba la fiabilidad del CFQy evaluar este instrumento en las familias brasileñas. Los participantes fueron 300 madres y 300 niños, 2-11 años, de ambos géneros. La traducción, síntesis, retro traducción, evaluación por el comité de expertos y pre-test se llevaron a cabo. Además de la aplicación del cuestionario, también fueron recolectados datos relativos a la evaluación antropométrica de las madres y los niños. Los índices de validez de contenido, fiabilidad test-retest y consistencia interna fueron adecuados. Los factores Percepción del peso de los padrea, Percepción del peso del hijo, Preocupación con el peso del niño, Restricción, Presión para comer y Monitoreo estaban asociados con la obesidad infantil. En conclusión, estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la validez y utilidad de la versión brasileña del CFQ.

Transcultural adaptation procedures for the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Brazil / Procedimentos de tradução da adaptação transcultural do Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) para o Brasil / Procedimientos de traducción de la adaptación transcultural del Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) en Brasil

The objective of this study was to translate the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) into Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the semantic, conceptual, idiomatic and cultural equivalence, content-related validity and level of verbal comprehension as an initial stage of its cross-cultural adaptation. Six stages were conducted: translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translations; pilot test to evaluate the instrument and verbal comprehension by the target population; and content validity analysis by judges. The differences between the original and translated versions refer to language and culture, as they are very similar in meaning. The content validity index was excellent, with agreement level of 94.50% among specialists, for the entire scale. The items were easily understood by the target population. The Brazilian version of the DEBQ was approved by the original author and is ready to be tested for psychometric properties. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e avaliar as equivalências semântica, conceitual, idiomática e cultural, validade relacionada a conteúdo e nível de compreensão verbal, como um estágio inicial da sua adaptação transcultural. Seis etapas foram conduzidas: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese das retrotraduções; teste da versão piloto para avaliar o instrumento e a compreensão verbal pela população alvo; e análise da validade de conteúdo por juízes. As diferenças entre as versões original e traduzida referem-se à linguagem e cultura, pois são muito similares em sentido. O índice de validade de conteúdo foi ótimo, com nível de concordância de 94,50% entre os especialistas, para a escala inteira. Os itens foram facilmente compreendidos pela população-alvo. A versão brasileira do DEBQ foi aprovada pelo autor original e está pronta para ser testada em relação às propriedades psicométricas. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir el Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para el idioma portugés de Brasil, y evaluar equivalencia semántica, conceptual, idiomática y cultural, validez relacionada con el contenido, y nivel de comprensión verbal como una etapa inicial de adaptación transcultural. Se llevaron a cabo seis etapas: traducción; síntesis de las traducciones; traducción inversa; síntesis de las versiones de traducción inversa; test de la versión piloto para evaluar el instrumento y comprensión verbal por parte de la población objetivo; y análisis de validez de contenido por jueces. Las diferencias entre la versión original y traducida se refieren a lenguaje y cultura ya que son muy similares en significado. El índice de validez de contenido fue óptimo, con nivel de concordancia de 94,50% entre los especialistas, para la totalidad de la escala. Los ítems fueron fácilmente comprendidos por la población objetivo. La versión brasileña del DEBQ fue aprobada por el autor original y está lista para ser testada en relación a las propiedades psicométricas. (AU)

Gender differences in body image and preferences for an ideal silhouette among Brazilian undergraduates.

The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the accuracy of body size estimation and body dissatisfaction among Brazilian undergraduates and their relationships with perceptions of the ideal body silhouettes that would be selected by same-gender and opposite-gender peers. A total of 159 undergraduates (79 males) from a public University in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, participated in the study. They completed a Figure Rating Scale and indicated the figure that best describes the size of their own body (actual), their desired body, the body they judged would be ideal to same-gender peers, and the body they judged would be ideal to opposite-gender peers. The results showed that women were less precise in estimating their actual size and more dissatisfied. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) that was selected as "current" by women was significantly higher than their desired and ideal BMIs, whereas the mean BMIs that were selected by men were practically the same. Men and women selected ideal silhouettes for their own gender that were the same as those that were selected as ideal by the opposite gender. The mean BMIs that were actually chosen by men and women as desired and ideal were closer to the upper end of normal weight and lower end of overweight, respectively. Such results contradict what has been assumed to be a normative characteristic of men and women in several countries, raising some doubts regarding the role of beliefs about judgments of the opposite gender in the development of body image disturbances.

Imagem corporal, ansiedade e depressão em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica / Body image, anxiety and depression in women submitted to bariatric surgery / Imagen corporal, ansiedad, depresión en mujeres sometidas a cirugía bariátrica

O impacto do excesso de peso e da cirurgia bariátrica (CB) pode gerar complicações psicológicas, como ansiedade, depressão e distúrbios da imagem corporal (IC). Este trabalho avaliou níveis de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e a IC em mulheres submetidas à CB. Cinquenta mulheres responderam aos inventários de depressão (BDI) e ansiedade (BAI) de Beck e à escala de figuras de silhuetas (EFS) antes da CB quatro meses após a cirurgia. Foi realizada antropometria para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Após a CB, verificou-se a diminuição nas médias de IMC (p < 0,001) e de pontuação do BAI (p < 0,01) e BDI (p = 0,001). A EFS apontou que a maioria das entrevistadas superestimou seu IMC real e 100% estavam insatisfeitas. Apesar da redução de peso e melhora das sintomatologias, as participantes apresentaram distúrbios da IC, justificando a importância de uma avaliação mais criteriosa dessa variável em indivíduos que se submetem à cirurgia.

The impact of overweight and bariatric surgery can lead to psychological complications, such as: anxiety and depression and Body Image disorders. This study evaluated symptoms of anxiety and depression and body image in women submitted to bariatric surgery. Fifty women responded to Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), Beck depression inventory (BDI) and the figure rating scale (FRS) before and four months after bariatric surgery. Anthropometric evaluation was performed to obtain the Body Mass Index (BMI). After the surgery was verified a decrease in mean BMI (p < 0,001) and the average score on the BAI (p < 0,01) and BDI (p = 0,001). The FRS showed that most respondents overestimated their BMI real and 100% were dissatisfied with the self-image. Despite the weight reduction and improvement in symptomatology, the participants had IC disorders, justifying the importance of a more detailed assessment of this variable in individuals who undergo surgical treatment.

El impacto de la cirugía bariátrica y exceso de peso puede llevar a complicaciones psicológicas, tales como trastornos de ansiedad y depresión, y la imagen corporal (IC). Este estudio evaluó los niveles de ansiedad y depresión y IC en mujeres sometidas a cirugía bariátrica. Cincuenta mujeres respondieron al inventario de depresión (BDI) y ansiedad (BAI) Beck y las escala firugas de siluetas (EFS) antes y cuatro meses después de la cirugía bariátrica. Evaluación antropométrica se realizó para obtener el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Después de la cirugía se verificó una disminución en la media del IMC (p < 0,001) y las puntuaciones medias de la BAI (p < 0,01) y el BDI (p = 0,001). La EFS mostró que la mayoría de los encuestados sobrestimaron su IMC real y el 100% no estaban satisfechos con la imagen de sí mismo. A pesar de la reducción de peso y la mejora en la sintomatología, los sujetos tenían trastornos de la IC, lo que justifica la importancia de una evaluación más detallada de esta variable en los individuos que se someten a un tratamiento quirúrgico.

Body image in Brazil: recent advances in the state of knowledge and methodological issues.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze Brazilian literature on body image and the theoretical and methodological advances that have been made. METHODS: A detailed review was undertaken of the Brazilian literature on body image, selecting published articles, dissertations and theses from the SciELO, SCOPUS, LILACS and PubMed databases and the CAPES thesis database. Google Scholar was also used. There was no start date for the search, which used the following search terms: "body image" AND "Brazil" AND "scale(s)"; "body image" AND "Brazil" AND "questionnaire(s)"; "body image" AND "Brazil" AND "instrument(s)"; "body image" limited to Brazil and "body image". RESULTS: The majority of measures available were intended to be used in college students, with half of them evaluating satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the body. Females and adolescents of both sexes were the most studied population. There has been a significant increase in the number of available instruments. Nevertheless, numerous published studies have used non-validated instruments, with much confusion in the use of the appropriate terms (e.g., perception, dissatisfaction, distortion). CONCLUSIONS: Much more is needed to understand body image within the Brazilian population, especially in terms of evaluating different age groups and diversifying the components/dimensions assessed. However, interest in this theme is increasing, and important steps have been taken in a short space of time.

Body image in Brazil: recent advances in the state of knowledge and methodological issues / Imagem corporal no Brasil: avanços recentes no estado de conhecimento e em questões metodológicas

OBJECTIVE To analyze Brazilian literature on body image and the theoretical and methodological advances that have been made. METHODS A detailed review was undertaken of the Brazilian literature on body image, selecting published articles, dissertations and theses from the SciELO, SCOPUS, LILACS and PubMed databases and the CAPES thesis database. Google Scholar was also used. There was no start date for the search, which used the following search terms: “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “scale(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “questionnaire(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “instrument(s)”; “body image” limited to Brazil and “body image”. RESULTS The majority of measures available were intended to be used in college students, with half of them evaluating satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the body. Females and adolescents of both sexes were the most studied population. There has been a significant increase in the number of available instruments. Nevertheless, numerous published studies have used non-validated instruments, with much confusion in the use of the appropriate terms (e.g., perception, dissatisfaction, distortion). CONCLUSIONS Much more is needed to understand body image within the Brazilian population, especially in terms of evaluating different age groups and diversifying the components/dimensions assessed. However, interest in this theme is increasing, and important steps have been taken in a short space of time. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a literatura brasileira sobre imagem corporal e os avanços teóricos e metodológicos alcançados. MÉTODOS Foi realizada revisão crítica da literatura sobre imagem corporal no Brasil e selecionados apenas artigos, dissertações e teses publicados. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados: SciELO, SCOPUS, LILACS, PubMed, Banco de Teses da CAPES e também por meio da ferramenta de busca Google Acadêmico. Não foi estipulado limite mínimo de data para as publicações e foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “scale(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “questionnaire(s)”; “body image” AND “Brazil” AND “instrument(s)”; “body image” limited to Brazil e “imagem corporal”. RESULTADOS A maioria das medidas disponíveis foi voltada à população de universitários, metade das quais foi sobre avaliação de satisfação/insatisfação com o corpo. Mulheres e adolescentes de ambos os sexos foram os grupos mais estudados. Houve aumento expressivo no número de medidas de avaliação disponíveis. No entanto, ainda há grande quantidade de estudos que utilizaram medidas não validadas e muita impropriedade no uso de termos adequados (e.g., percepção, insatisfação, distorção). CONCLUSÕES É preciso muito mais para a compreensão da imagem corporal na população brasileira, especialmente por meio da avaliação de populações em diferentes faixas etárias e da diversificação dos componentes/dimensão acessados. Entretanto, o interesse pelo tema é crescente e passos importantes têm sido dados rapidamente. .

Body image dissatisfaction and aesthetic exercise in adolescents: are they related? / Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e exercício estético em adolescentes: Eles estão relacionados? / Insatisfacción con la imagen del cuerpo y el ejercicio estético en adolescentes: ¿Están relacionados?

This study investigated if boys and girls who practice exercises with aesthetic propose report higher levels of body dissatisfaction compared to their inactive peers. A total of 199 adolescents (89 boys), mean age 16.1 years, completed measures of body dissatisfaction and psychological commitment to exercise. Results demonstrated that active boys presented lower dissatisfaction than their inactive peers; and active girls were significantly more dissatisfied than inactive ones. Active boys were more satisfied than active girls. The majority of active girls reported a desire for a slimmer silhouette; while active boys were equally divided between those who desired a heavier silhouette and those who were satisfied. Psychological commitment to exercise did not differ between satisfied and dissatisfied active adolescents. Thus, girls who practice aesthetic exercises must be looked at as a high risk population to the development of health harmful behaviors and eating disorders.(AU)

Este estudo investigou se adolescentes que praticam exercícios com finalidades estéticas reportam maiores índices de insatisfação comparados a adolescentes inativos. Um total de 199 adolescentes (89 meninos), idade média de 16,1 anos, completaram medidas de insatisfação corporal e comprometimento psicológico com o exercício. Os resultados demonstraram que meninos ativos apresentaram menor insatisfação que meninos inativos e meninas ativas foram mais insatisfeitas que as inativas. Meninos ativos foram mais satisfeitos que as meninas ativas. A maioria das meninas ativas deseja uma silhueta menor, enquanto meninos ativos foram igualmente divididos entre aqueles que desejaram pesar mais e os que estavam satisfeitos. O grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício não foi diferente entre os adolescentes ativos satisfeitos e insatisfeitos. Portanto, adolescentes, especialmente as meninas, que praticam exercícios com finalidades estéticas são extremamente insatisfeitos e devem ser considerados uma população de risco para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde e transtornos alimentares.(AU)

Este estudio investigó si los adolescentes que hacen ejercicio con fines estéticos reportan mayores niveles de insatisfacción en comparación con los inactivos. Un total de 199 adolescentes (89 niños), edad de media de 16,1 años completaran lo estudio. Los resultados mostraron que los niños más activos eran menos insatisfechos que los inactivos; y que las niñas activas fueron más insatisfechas que las inactivas. Los niños activos fueron más satisfechos que las niñas activas. Las niñas activas deseaban una silueta más pequeña, mientras que los niños activos se dividen por igual entre los que deseaban llegar a pesar más y los que estaban satisfechos. El grado de compromiso psicológico con el ejercicio no fue diferente entre activos satisfechos e insatisfechos. Por lo tanto, las niñas que hacen ejercicio con fines estéticos se consideran como población de riesgo para el desarrollo de conductas no saludables y los trastornos alimentarios.(AU)

Development and test-retest reliability of the Food Photograph Scale for Brazilian adults

The study of food practices in Brazil faces important problems because of the nonexistence of properly tested methods and lack of a gold-standard instrument. Furthermore, only one instrument is capable of measuring food choice or knowledge in this specific population. In the present study we sought to develop a rapid assessment tool for food choice, consumption, and knowledge about healthy foods and test the reliability of the assessment tool in young adults as an initial step in the validation process. The scale was composed of 22 photographs of foods that were ready to consume, divided into "healthy" and "unhealthy" groups typically eaten as an afternoon snack in our region. To test the reliability of the instrument, 101 college students (51 males) were asked to select three items in response to three questions: "What would you like to eat as an afternoon snack?" "What do you consider healthy?" "What do you usually eat?" The procedure was repeated in the same subjects 1 month after the first application of the instrument. Results indicated a perfect reliability (κ = 1.0) among men when asked to select what they would like to eat, and perfect reliability was found among men and women when asked to select foods that they considered healthy. Excellent reliability (κ > .75) was found among women and the total sample for foods they would like to eat and among men and women for what they usually eat. As an initial step in validating the instrument, the results suggested that it was properly developed and had reliability in the present context for studies that involve eating behavior.(AU)

Development and test-retest reliability of the Food Photograph Scale for Brazilian adults

The study of food practices in Brazil faces important problems because of the nonexistence of properly tested methods and lack of a gold-standard instrument. Furthermore, only one instrument is capable of measuring food choice or knowledge in this specific population. In the present study we sought to develop a rapid assessment tool for food choice, consumption, and knowledge about healthy foods and test the reliability of the assessment tool in young adults as an initial step in the validation process. The scale was composed of 22 photographs of foods that were ready to consume, divided into "healthy" and "unhealthy" groups typically eaten as an afternoon snack in our region. To test the reliability of the instrument, 101 college students (51 males) were asked to select three items in response to three questions: "What would you like to eat as an afternoon snack?" "What do you consider healthy?" "What do you usually eat?" The procedure was repeated in the same subjects 1 month after the first application of the instrument. Results indicated a perfect reliability (κ = 1.0) among men when asked to select what they would like to eat, and perfect reliability was found among men and women when asked to select foods that they considered healthy. Excellent reliability (κ > .75) was found among women and the total sample for foods they would like to eat and among men and women for what they usually eat. As an initial step in validating the instrument, the results suggested that it was properly developed and had reliability in the present context for studies that involve eating behavior.

Body image dissatisfaction and aesthetic exercise in adolescents: are they related? / Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e exercício estético em adolescentes: Eles estão relacionados? / Insatisfacción con la imagen del cuerpo y el ejercicio estético en adolescentes: ¿Están relacionados?

This study investigated if boys and girls who practice exercises with aesthetic propose report higher levels of body dissatisfaction compared to their inactive peers. A total of 199 adolescents (89 boys), mean age 16.1 years, completed measures of body dissatisfaction and psychological commitment to exercise. Results demonstrated that active boys presented lower dissatisfaction than their inactive peers; and active girls were significantly more dissatisfied than inactive ones. Active boys were more satisfied than active girls. The majority of active girls reported a desire for a slimmer silhouette; while active boys were equally divided between those who desired a heavier silhouette and those who were satisfied. Psychological commitment to exercise did not differ between satisfied and dissatisfied active adolescents. Thus, girls who practice aesthetic exercises must be looked at as a high risk population to the development of health harmful behaviors and eating disorders.

Este estudo investigou se adolescentes que praticam exercícios com finalidades estéticas reportam maiores índices de insatisfação comparados a adolescentes inativos. Um total de 199 adolescentes (89 meninos), idade média de 16,1 anos, completaram medidas de insatisfação corporal e comprometimento psicológico com o exercício. Os resultados demonstraram que meninos ativos apresentaram menor insatisfação que meninos inativos e meninas ativas foram mais insatisfeitas que as inativas. Meninos ativos foram mais satisfeitos que as meninas ativas. A maioria das meninas ativas deseja uma silhueta menor, enquanto meninos ativos foram igualmente divididos entre aqueles que desejaram pesar mais e os que estavam satisfeitos. O grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício não foi diferente entre os adolescentes ativos satisfeitos e insatisfeitos. Portanto, adolescentes, especialmente as meninas, que praticam exercícios com finalidades estéticas são extremamente insatisfeitos e devem ser considerados uma população de risco para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde e transtornos alimentares.

Este estudio investigó si los adolescentes que hacen ejercicio con fines estéticos reportan mayores niveles de insatisfacción en comparación con los inactivos. Un total de 199 adolescentes (89 niños), edad de media de 16,1 años completaran lo estudio. Los resultados mostraron que los niños más activos eran menos insatisfechos que los inactivos; y que las niñas activas fueron más insatisfechas que las inactivas. Los niños activos fueron más satisfechos que las niñas activas. Las niñas activas deseaban una silueta más pequeña, mientras que los niños activos se dividen por igual entre los que deseaban llegar a pesar más y los que estaban satisfechos. El grado de compromiso psicológico con el ejercicio no fue diferente entre activos satisfechos e insatisfechos. Por lo tanto, las niñas que hacen ejercicio con fines estéticos se consideran como población de riesgo para el desarrollo de conductas no saludables y los trastornos alimentarios.

Avaliação dos efeitos da cafeína sobre a modulação autonômica e o ritmo cardíaco em pacientes com queixa de palpitações / Evaluation of the caffeine effects about the cardiac autonomic modulation and rhythm in patients with palpitations

A cafeína pertence ao grupo das metilxantinas e apresenta efeitos farmacológicos que podem contribuirpara o desencadeamento de arritmias cardíacas, com o aumento da estimulação simpática. Objetivo: Avaliara associação entre o consumo de cafeína e o desencadeamento ou o agravamento de arritmias cardíacas e suainfluência sobre o tônus autonômico. Método: Foram avaliados 51 pacientes submetidos ao Holter de 24 horasdevido a queixa de palpitação. O Holter avaliou a presença de diferentes arritmias e tônus autonômico por meiode índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, principalmente do SDNN. Todos os pacientes preencheramum diário alimentar durante o período do registro. Estes foram avaliados por uma nutricionista por meio dosoftware NutWin 1.5 para quantificar a ingestão de cafeína e outros nutrientes. Os indivíduos foram divididos emdois grupos de acordo com a mediana do consumo de cafeína (35 mg). Resultados: O consumo médio diário decafeína foi de 14 ± 15 mg no grupo de menor consumo (n=27) vs. 100 ± 61 mg no grupo de maior consumo (n=24)(p<0,0001). Não foi observada associação entre o maior consumo de cafeína e qualquer extrassístole ventricular ousupraventricular isolada, pareada, > 10 ectopias/hora ou taquicardia ventricular ou supraventricular (p>0,05). Nogrupo de maior consumo, observou-se tendência de maior estimulação simpática, predominantemente durante operíodo do sono. Contudo, a análise restrita a esse período também não mostrou associação com o desencadeamentode qualquer arritmia. Conclusão: O consumo leve a moderado de cafeína (aproximadamente 100 mg/dia) não seassociou com o desencadeamento de qualquer arritmia, apesar de acarretar um discreto aumento da estimulaçãosimpática, principalmente durante o período do sono.

Abstract: Objective: Caffeine belongs to the methylxanthine group and has pharmacological effects that maycontribute to the onset of cardiac arrhythmias such as sympathetic overstimulation. The objectives were to evaluatethe association between caffeine intake and the onset or worsening of cardiac arrhythmias and their influenceon the cardiac autonomic tonus. Methods: Fifty-one patients underwent a 24-hour Holter due to complaintsof palpitations. The Holter evaluated the presence of different arrhythmias and autonomic tonus according toheart rate variability rates, mainly the SDNN. A food diary was filled out by all patients throughout their Holterrecording and were evaluated by a dietician using the NutWin 1.5 software to quantify the intake of caffeine andother nutrients. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the median caffeine intake (35 mg). Results:The mean daily consumption of caffeine was 14 ± 15 mg in the lowest consumption group (n=27) vs. 100 ± 61 mgin the highest consumption group (n=24) (p<0.0001). No association was observed between higher caffeine intakeand supraventricular or ventricular isolated premature beats, paired premature beats, > 10 premature beats perhour or ventricular or supraventricular tachycardia (p>0.05). A trend of sympathetic overstimulation was observed.

Imagem corporal e suas relações com a atividade f¨ªsica e o estado nutricional em adolescentes / Relationship between body image, physical activity and nutritional status in adolescents / Imagen corporal y sus relaciones con la actividad fisica y el estado nutricional en adolescentes

O presente estudo avaliou a presença de inacur¨¢cia na estimação da imagem corporal e suas relações com a atividade f¨ªsica e o estado nutricional em adolescentes. Trezentos e setenta e cinco adolescentes (191 meninos e 184 meninas), responderam a Escala de Silhuetas e o Question¨¢rio Internacional de Atividade F¨ªsica (IPAQ), e tiveram seu peso e altura aferidos. Meninas apresentaram mais inacur¡¡ì¢cia quando comparadas aos meninos. Não houve efeito de atividade f¨ªsica, mas um efeito significativo de estado nutricional, com o grupo de indiv¨ªduos com baixo peso apresentando menores ¨ªndices de inacur¨¢cia da estimação corporal quando comparado aos demais grupos. A inacur¨¢cia da estimação corporal não manteve relação com a pr¨¢tica de atividade f¨ªsica, mas foi diretamente relacionada ao estado nutricional.(AU)

This study evaluated the presence of inaccuracy of body image estimation and its possible interactions with the practiceof physical activity and the nutritional status in adolescents. A total of three hundred and seventy five adolescents(191 boys and 184 girls), responded the Figurate Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and hadtheir weight and height measured. The girls showed more inaccuracy than boys. No was observed physical activity effect, but a significant effect of nutritional status with the undernutrition group presenting lower levels of inaccuracy compared to the other groups. The results of this study demonstrate that in this sample, inaccuracy of body image estimation was strictly related to nutritional status, but not to physical activity.(AU)

El presente estudio evalu¨® la inexactitud en la estimaci¨®n de la imagen corporal y sus relaciones con la actividad f¨ªsica y el estado nutricional en adolescentes. Trescientos setenta y cinco adolescentes (191 hombres y 184 mujeres) respondieron la Escala de Siluetas y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad F¨ªsica ©¤ IPAQ; adem¨¢s, su peso yaltura fueron medidos. Las mujeres mostraron m¨¢s inexactitud que los hombres. No hubo efecto de la actividad f¨ªsica, pero s¨ª un efecto significativo del estado nutricional, donde el grupo de individuos con bajo peso present¨® un menor nivel de inexactitud en comparaci¨®n con los dem¨¢s grupos. La inexactitud de la estimaci¨®n corporal no mantuvo relaci¨®n con la pr¨¢ctica de la actividad f¨ªsica, mas estuvo directamente relacionada al estado nutricional.(AU)

Imagem corporal e suas relações com a atividade física e o estado nutricional em adolescentes / Relationship between body image, physical activity and nutritional status in adolescents / Imagen corporal y sus relaciones con la actividad fisica y el estado nutricional en adolescentes

O presente estudo avaliou a presença de inacurácia na estimação da imagem corporal e suas relações com a atividade física e o estado nutricional em adolescentes. Trezentos e setenta e cinco adolescentes (191 meninos e 184 meninas), responderam a Escala de Silhuetas e o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), e tiveram seu peso e altura aferidos. Meninas apresentaram mais inacurácia quando comparadas aos meninos. Não houve efeito de atividade física, mas um efeito significativo de estado nutricional, com o grupo de indivíduos com baixo peso apresentando menores índices de inacurácia da estimação corporal quando comparado aos demais grupos. A inacurácia da estimação corporal não manteve relação com a prática de atividade física, mas foi diretamente relacionada ao estado nutricional.

This study evaluated the presence of inaccuracy of body image estimation and its possible interactions with the practiceof physical activity and the nutritional status in adolescents. A total of three hundred and seventy five adolescents(191 boys and 184 girls), responded the Figurate Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and hadtheir weight and height measured. The girls showed more inaccuracy than boys. No was observed physical activity effect, but a significant effect of nutritional status with the undernutrition group presenting lower levels of inaccuracy compared to the other groups. The results of this study demonstrate that in this sample, inaccuracy of body image estimation was strictly related to nutritional status, but not to physical activity.

El presente estudio evaluó la inexactitud en la estimación de la imagen corporal y sus relaciones con la actividad fisica y el estado nutricional en adolescentes. Trescientos setenta y cinco adolescentes (191 hombres y 184 mujeres) respondieron la Escala de Siluetas y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Fisica ©¤ IPAQ; además, su peso yaltura fueron medidos. Las mujeres mostraron más inexactitud que los hombres. No hubo efecto de la actividad fisica, pero si un efecto significativo del estado nutricional, donde el grupo de individuos con bajo peso present¨® un menor nivel de inexactitud en comparación con los deá¢s grupos. La inexactitud de la estimación corporal no mantuvo relación con la práctica de la actividad física, mas estuvo directamente relacionada al estado nutricional.

Excessive iodine intake in schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: Inadequate iodine intake may result in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Thus, for more than 50 years, policies for the regulation of salt fortification with iodine have existed in Brazil. In 2003, a study on 6-14-year-old schoolchildren from regions of the state of São Paulo showed a median urinary iodine concentration of 360 µg/L. The objective of the present study was to assess the iodine nutrition status among schoolchildren. METHODS: The study was conducted on 828 schoolchildren aged 4-13 years from eight schools in the interior of the state of São Paulo. A casual urine sample was collected from each volunteer for iodine determination by the adapted method of Sandell-Kalthoff. RESULTS: Only 1.9% (n = 16) of the children evaluated had low values of urinary iodine (<100 µg/L), while 24.6% had urinary iodine excretion values between 200 and 300 µg/L, and 67.1% had values above >300 µg/L. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the iodine nutritional status of the schoolchildren studied is characterized by a high urinary iodine excretion, which might reveal an increase in iodine consumption by this population.